I have a pretty powerful ‘exhaust fan’ that I repurposed exactly this way and.it works way better than my previous box fan did. As in, after kicking up dust with my table saw the airborne dust is clered in less than 10 minutes. Of course, there’s still dust on the surfaces.
I built a box around the fan, and I have it suck air through a coconut choir filter, then a allergy ac filter. I put a removable frame around the filter to block air from going around and let me change it, but other than vacuuming the front I’ve not had to do anything to the filter. It is kind of loud, but I put a dimmer on the power cord and I can turn it down. I generally use it while/after I make a lot of dust, and I have a timer turn it on at night when no one is around to hear the noise.