I don’t think standard dimmers for incandescent bulbs work well with LEDs. Dimming leds is usually done with pulse width modulation, or turning it off and on very very quickly.
Led bulbs have more components inside to adapt the old school ac current to whatever the LEDs need, you might be killing those components with the dimmer.
Only solution i know off would be using smart bulbs if you want to stick with LEDs, but id imagine theres other ways to go about it, i just dont know
Off-the shelf non-smart LEDs are also a thing, they basically read the input voltage as the input for how dim you want them to be. Then adjust themselves as necessary to make less light (as you said, generally by pulsing very quickly). But, you do need ones that specifically say they are dimmable.