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Erika2rsis , (edited )
@Erika2rsis@lemmy.blahaj.zone avatar

If you're curious about the actual historical reasons:

The consensus is that は{行|ぎょう} was originally pronounced with a P sound in Old Japanese. So, {花|はな} was originally pronounced pana. The P sound involves pressing one's lips tightly together to abrupt the airflow, without the vocal folds vibrating.

But with time Japanese people increasingly started pronouncing the P sound with the lips slightly parted, such that the airflow was not blocked completely. This produces a sound kind of like blowing out a candle, it's a bit F-like which is why it's usually represented with that letter in romanizations. This sound change was often blocked by ん and little っ, which is why aside from onomatopoeia and foreign loan words, one only really finds ぱ{行|ぎょう} after ん and little っ in words like {散歩|さんぽ} or {切腹|せっぷく}. In fact this is also why ぱ{行|ぎょう} has that unique ring diacritic: the {半濁点|はんだくてん} was invented by Portuguese missionaries because Japanese people themselves did not distinguish between は/ぱ in writing, and this made it more difficult for the missionaries to learn Japanese. That's the story I remember, at least.

Incidentally, changing a P sound to an F or otherwise F-like sound is a fairly common sound change across languages. That's why it's "father" in English but "padre" in Spanish, and that's also why the word "philosophy" is spelled with P's, too.

So our situation is now that we have a sound which is pronounced as F in most situations, and as P in a handful of places where the old pronunciation sort of fossilized. This is when we encounter another sound change, which is that often times between vowels, the F sound would become more V-like — which is to say that the vibration of the vocal folds from the immediately preceding and following vowels started to "bleed into" the F sound, that the vibration would stop too late or start too early relative to the movement of the lips, and this gave the F sound this more V like quality. And due to the acoustic similarity of this V-like pronunciation to the Japanese W sound, it ended up being conflated with the W sound and merging with it. But the old spelling stuck, which led to a situation prior to the postwar spelling reform, where は{行|ぎょう} and わ{行|ぎょう} could both be used to represent the W sound, depending entirely on the historical pronunciation of the word.

And indeed, the は particle, and for that matter the へ particle, were often reduced/slurred in such a way that they were basically treated like the ending of the previous word, and so these words were in fact often affected by this F-to-W sound change despite nominally being their own separate words which on their own wouldn't be affected. And this happened so often that は and へ ended up being pronounced as wa and we always. A similar shift in pronunciation happened to a lot of English-language function words that we spell with TH — the magic word in linguistics is "sandhi". So this is why "thy" and "thigh" are not pronounced the same, for instance.

And yeah, another sound change ended up merging the syllables wi, we, and wo with i, e, and o, so this is why へ is today pronounced as e rather than we. And then when the postwar spelling reform rolled in, it was decided that は/へ/を were particles used so frequently that they should just be left alone despite their historical spelling; otherwise, をゐゑ were respelled as おいえ, and every はひふへほ pronounced with a W sound was respelled as わいうえお, leaving the particle は as the absolute last and only remaining example of は{行|ぎょう} being read with a W sound. This spelling reform is incidentally also why there are no Japanese verbs ending in ふ, and why the Japanese verbs ending in う have わ as their {未然形|みぜんけい} rather than あ: the Japanese verbs ending in う historically ended in ふ prior to the spelling reforms.

But yeah. Not too long after the F-to-W sound change, most of the remaining examples of the Japanese F sound went through a different sound change, as the lips became less and less rounded, which gradually changed the blowing-out-a-candle F-like sound to a more simple exhaling H-like sound. This sound change was blocked whenever the Japanese F sound was immediately followed by a U, because that vowel also involves rounded lips, so that sort of reinforced the rounded lips of the F sound. And that's why はひふへほ is ha-hi-fu-he-ho instead of ha-hi-hu-he-ho. Badabing badaboom!

※ Note: the H sound before the vowel I ended up being palatalized, similarly to how we say the H in "huge". So while Hepburn romanization spells ひ as hi, the pronunciation of the H is a little different from the H in はへほ.

All this being said, is this actually useful information? Honestly, probably not super useful for most people, no. It might come a bit in handy if you ever try learning Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese, or Uchinaaguchi, though, because memorizing sound changes can help you identify, remember, or even to some extent predict the forms of the shared vocabulary between these languages. Otherwise equipping yourself with some knowledge of other historical Japanese sound changes or knowledge of phonetics can help make sense of some other oddities you will inevitably or potentially run into while learning Japanese, like why the volitional form of verbs might be described as sticking ～う to the end of a verb's {未然形|みぜんけい} form even though it just plainly isn't (spoiler: it was prior to the spelling reforms!); and why especially older people might say the particle が as "nga", and why {東北弁|とうほくべん} is Like That; why words might change their last vowel or first consonant when used in compounds and why the {濁点|だくてん} turns those specific consonants into those specific other consonants; why i/u are so often silent; why pitch accent patterns include the particles after a word; why the word です sounds almost like the English word "this" at 1:20 in the song ｢アイドル｣ by YOASOBI; and all sorts of other fun things like that.

Not that one couldn't learn through simple memorization and exposure, but I just think it's fun to know, and I think that having actual scientific or historical explanations helps the new information stick.

njm1314 ,

Nobody's arguing that he's still pulling strings man. They're saying he got the ball rolling. That is policies have reverberated up until this day. That he started a trend that others continued.

shuzuko ,

I'll grant you that the article is kind of shite, but as someone who is stuck in a house I'd rather be rid of, it resonated with me. I don't like my house.

We were first time buyers and ended up with a bit of a lemon, which we've put a lot of work into but it doesn't make it a house we love. We've been there for 7 years, we tried to move once and COVID fucked it up, and now we're stuck in a city suburb neither of us really want to live in anymore, in a house that we're sick of, with neighbors who are growing increasingly conservative that we would rather see the back of. Despite the fact that we've technically got over 100k equity on our house now thanks to value inflation we can't afford a move because even with a 100k down payment any house we actually want is now 450k+ and our monthly payments with a 7-8% mortgage rate would be 3x what our current payment is.

So like, yay, we have a house and at least that's good, and we're secure because our payments are low! But also, I want to fucking leave this place, I hate it, I hate my neighbors, I hate this state, and yeah, we're fucking stuck because even with all our newfound equity we're still poor af according to the rules of the game and it fucking sucks.

AlternateRoute ,

40 drives ? Why that is a huge amount of power , what is your space target

RAID 1 ? With 40 drives ? That would be absolutely stupid you want to use RAID 6 or 10 so you don’t waist 50 % of your space with RAID 1. Or some other N+2 disk redundancy.

Have you considered how much power such a large setup will need?

carzian ,

You need to research raid 1,6,10 and zfs first. Make an informed decision and go from there. You're basing the number of drives off of (uninformed) assumptions and that's going to drive all of your decisions the wrong way. Start with figuring out your target storage amount and how many drive failures you can tolerate.

sic_semper_tyrannis ,

You have the crop factor backwards. It’ll increase the effective focal length. Multiply the crop factor by the focal length of the lens

Garbanzo ,

You know what, let’s do it. These fuckers apparently need a reminder that the alternative to unions and the NLRB is sabotage, riots, bombings and murders.

This community might be harmful

This community sends “All lives matter” vibes. I understand that there are issues with how men are treated and there is nothing wrong with talking about it, but it does seem a little bit like a distraction from feminism issues. Women are objectively under a lot bigger threat and talking about women rights more makes a lot...

sbv ,

Can you point at posts that give those vibes?

From the “about”:

Non-masculine perspectives are incredibly important in making sure that that the lived experiences of others are present in discussions on masculinity, but please remember that this is a space to discuss issues pertaining to men and masc individuals; be kind, open-minded, and take care that you aren’t talking over men expressing their own lived experiences.

The post before this one is about protecting our sons from right-wing radicalization.

From what I’ve seen, the mod(s) have taken pains to make this not an aLl LiVe MaTtEr sub.

Zak ,
@Zak@lemmy.world avatar

The Panasonic LX100 and Leica D-Lux are fixed-lens cameras with that sensor format.

The Blackmagic Pocket Cinema Camera 4K has the m43 mount but not a 4/3 sensor; it’s 18.95x10mm instead of 17.3x13mm.

EvergreenGuru ,

Haas, a Corpus Christi native, is the author of 200 Years a Fraud, in which she disputes what she considers historical inaccuracies in Twelve Years a Slave, an 1853 memoir by Solomon Northup. In her book, Haas argues that U.S. history is overly harsh on the South and doesn’t acknowledge that slavery was “a socially acceptable and economically worthwhile practice worldwide at the time our thirteen colonies arose.”

The woman who campaigned against these history books has her own book which is full-on historical revisionism akin to the Daughters of the Confederacy.

senorblackbean , (edited )

They don’t think, and 82% of people don’t vote. And if they do vote, they’re going to the polls without any prior knowledge on what they’re voting on. They enter the poll booth to read the proposal description for the first time and decide on the spot. Very few of us are reading guides and researching to read through the bullshit description to make sensible votes. Its a fucking joke and its by design for those in power.

If it were possible for some event to destroy the fabric of spacetime at the speed of light, could we still observe and be safe bc expansion?

Just a thought, if an event happened well beyond the observable universe that caused entire galaxies to be destroyed radiating from a point source event, what would it look like from our perspective and how close could it get on our observable horizon while still being unable to reach us due to expansion of the universe?...

Illecors ,
@Illecors@lemmy.cafe avatar

I think if it’s outside the observable universe, then the answer is probably we would never observe it.

bermuda ,

and it’s been accused of producing content that functions “as dog whistles to the extreme right.”

A lot of it’s not even a dogwhistle. A lot of their content is extreme right.

SCB ,

0: both parties tacitly agree that strict scrutiny of this law applies due to merits of the law and prior precdent

1: law is too broad, in that the law does not specify strictly enough what is “adult content” and does not provide reasonable means for preventing minor access. Just cited that states could just as easily ban newspapers they disagree with under the law

2: law is too onerous to comply with. Costs too much money, basically, for sites to comply with. Essentially, requiring the company provide the age verification process is an undue burden. “Proper age verification” is not explicitly defined, and can mean whatever the state wants it to mean at any given time.

3: warning the sites are required to display does not have associated findings, scientifically. Gov agencies responsible have not shown that these outcomes are likely.

4: “sweep” of law (that is, who it is designed to protect) is unclear due to widely varying harm between different levels of minors. For instance, sites that offer sex Ed to older teens would also be impacted

5: adults seeking to view adult content are likely to be impacted, making the law too broad in its impact

6: no guarantee that age verification measures will be deleted and protect consumer privacy

7: less restrictive measures are available, and the states own research indicates parental measures to prevent minors from accessing adult content are sufficient

There’s a bit more, but it gets increasingly harder to “ELI5” because it is based on precedents and such. Essentially, the law is very poorly written and likely wouldn’t pass constitutional muster at any improved level of specificity.

athos77 ,

Fucking spammer, GTFO.

Fast food spent millions fighting California bill holding them accountable for employee abuse ( www.sacbee.com )

Fast food chains have spent millions this year on lobbying and advertising campaigns to stave off a bill that would hold corporate owners responsible for abuses that occur at franchise restaurants, according to a Sacramento Bee analysis.

SheeEttin ,

Part of what the ACLU does is lobbying. Writing a letter to your Congressman is lobbying.

Jaysyn ,
@Jaysyn@kbin.social avatar

Sure are. Just like we tricked those morons into killing themselves via COVID. /s

ziggurism ,
@ziggurism@lemmy.world avatar

Adding lead to gasoline didn’t reduce carbon emissions. Why do you think some other toxin would? You’re just poisoning the atmosphere for funsies. Skip the convoluted steps and just detonate bombs in the atmosphere. Inject it right into gothams water main, ya genocidal supervillain.

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